Othello Essay †Character’s and Their Obesessions Essay

Many characters in Shakespeare’s Othello become obsessed with the current state of a relationship. These obsessions then eventually lead the characters to failure when the obsessions become a goal, instead of something that occupies their mind. The transitions from an obsession to a goal can be seen through the actions of Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello’s path to obsession begins with Iago planting seeds of doubt into his mind, which convinces Othello that Desdemona is being unfaithful. He says to himself, â€Å"She is gone. I am abused, and my relief/Must be to loathe her† (3.3.283-84), and later claims that he â€Å"will withdraw/To furnish [him] with some swift means of death/For [Desdemona]† (3.3.492-94). These lines reveal that although there has not been any solid proof, Othello’s mind is already constantly occupied by the mere possibility of Desdemona being unfaithful to him. His obsession finally becomes clear when he says â€Å"In th e due reverence of a sacred vow/I here engage my words,† (3.3.470-71). This line reveals that he is set on getting revenge for being betrayed and thus, has become a goal. It is his goal to get revenge so even when Desdemona after insists that she has done nothing wrong, Othello tells her to â€Å"confess thee freely of thy sin† (5.2.61) and that even if she denies it all, it will not change his mind, as he makes clear by telling her â€Å"Thou art to die† (5.2.65). Othello’s refusal to listen to Desdemona is what leads to his failure, for it was his goal to kill her no matter what she said and only after she is dead does he learn that she was actually innocent. Ironically, it is primarily how Desdemona behave towards Othello that makes him doubt her. After Cassio lost his position as lieutenant, Desdemona accepted the task of trying to convince Othello to forgive Cassio. The start of her obsession of getting Cassio’s job back is when Desdemona says herself that â€Å"My lord shall never rest,/I’ll watch him tame and t alk him out of patience† (3.3.23-24). As a result, she would bring up Cassio quite often and became obsessed with getting his job back. Her obsession and insistence of helping Cassio is presented well when she asks Othello if he can talk to Cassio â€Å"tomorrow night, or Tuesday morn. /On Tuesday noon, or night†¦but let it not/Exceed three days† (3.3.60-64). Her insistence is only elevated when she continues to talk about how good a person Cassio and how Othello should â€Å"let Cassio be received again† (3.4.91), even though Othello was demanding to see her handkerchief and was noticeably getting angry. As Desdemona said earlier  on in the play, â€Å"[she] shall rather die/Than give thy cause away,† (3.3.27-28), which presents this obsession as goal that she wants to achieve no matter what, even if it means ignoring Othello’s demands for a moment. She insisting too much on reaching her goal and as a result, ended up dying because of it. Iago’s obsession is similar to Othelloâ €™s in the sense that they both sought out revenge and similar to Desdemona’s in the sense that they both take it too far, but Iago sought revenge on nearly everybody he came into contact with. His want to make Cassio fall is apparent in the first scene of the play, when he says â€Å"Mere prattle without practice/Is all his soldiership† (1.1.12) in regards to Cassio being made lieutenant. It is evident that Iago is not satisfied with this outcome and plots to do something about it, as shown when he says â€Å"I follow [Othello] to serve my turn upon him† (1.1.44). It is established that Iago wishes to hurt Othello and Cassio in some way, which is only the beginning of his obsession of wronging others who he believes have wronged him. As the play progresses, we see that Iago has successfully gotten Cassio to lose his job and have Othello want to kill Desdemona. Othello even gives Iago the position of lieutenant, but Iago continues to use those around him as pawns. After being told by Othello that he must go kill Cassio, Iago talks Roderigo into killing Cassio instead, tell him â€Å"I will show you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself b ound to put it on him† (4.2.247-49). Later on, Iago says that â€Å"whether [Roderigo] kill Cassio/Or Cassio kill him, or each do kill each other,/Every way makes my gain† (5.1.12-14), which reveals that he only wishes to see his victims fall. This is finalized several lines afterwards with Iago says â€Å"No, [Cassio] must die† (5.1.24). He could have stopped after becoming lieutenant, but he decided instead to use Roderigo as a pawn once more and continued with his schemes. He tried to use anybody he could as pawn in his schemes, and this included Emilia as well. However, he did not account for Emilia to go against him in the end by admitting that â€Å"[Iago] begged of me to steal [the handkerchief]† (5.2.243). This goal to continue wronging others until the end eventually brings Iago to his failure, as he bit off more than he could chew. As presented in Othello, there were many cases in which one’s obsession led to their failure. Othello was set on killing Desdemona no matter what, Desdemona was set on getting Cassio’s job back no matter what, and Iago was set on  exacting revenge on those he feels have wronged him no matter what, but the result was that things did not turn for the better. The idea that a character’ failure is brought upon them when their obsession becomes a goal is evident in the three cases that were presented.

International Environmental Law and Developing Nations Essay

The global environment, in its magnificent entireness, is unburdened by boundaries that distance peoples and communities on the ground, created by manmade issues of race, language, and religion or through greed, conquest and political machination. Man, despite his many victories over nature is helpless in the face of universal natural forces and unable to protect the limited environs of his homeland from global environmental developments. While this ensures that even the most powerful nations are not able to restrict natural forces like the rains and the winds, it also leads to the effects of environmental degradation in one area manifesting themselves in peculiar ways in distant locations. Sulphur emissions in one country cause acid rain in another. Depletion of the ozone layer from CFCs used in one nation can lead to skin cancer on the opposite side of the world. The global environment is an integrated, yet evolving system. Such drivers of environmental change as population pressure and pollution know no boundaries; in fact the waste generated from such phenomena is released into the global commons of the seas and the air. When forests are cut down the ensuing carbon sequestration hastens global climate change. This is however only part of the devastation that occurs because forests also perform a variety of other ecosystem services, which include improving air quality, enriching soil, providing renewable resources, regulating hydrology, and contributing to biodiversity. The occurrence of many such natural phenomena are choked and their benefits lost when peoples and communities act unthinkingly and under the belief that their natural resources are theirs to do with as they please. (Barrett, 2005) Recent decades have seen the emergence of a global agreement amongst nations to act together to resist further environmental depredation and promote sustainable development, which in turn has resulted in the signing of numerous treaties and the enactment of laws concerning diverse environmental issues. While treaties and laws have been agreed upon and signed, their actual implementation has been inadequate due to reasons that include differing perceptions of individual nations about the various provisions of these agreements and their potential to impact national or regional objectives, as well as available infrastructure, systems and resources. (Victor, 2001) This assignment aims to delve into and investigate the reasons for these differences, especially the ones that exist between developing and developed nations, the impact of these issues upon global and regional environmental conditions and the actions needed to correct the situation. 2. Commentary International law has become very relevant to the environment in recent decades. Most nations, including Australia have entered into various treaties, conventions and agreements, many of them at the initiative of the United Nations. Important treaties signed since the beginning of the eighties include the Montreal Protocol on the Ozone Layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Heritage Convention and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change. The task of governing these treaties and safeguarding these enormously complex ecosystems falls on a number of local and international organizations, the most important of which is the United Nations Environment Programme, a key UN body entrusted with the task of coordinating the work of different organizations and gathering information. (Barrett, 2005) With more than 150 international much hyped treaties covering practically every aspect of life on earth, air and sea and providing for their protection from hazardous waste, deforestation, over fishing and other forms of depredation, the world should have by now become environmentally very safe. However even as extensive international action on working out treaties and agreements takes place, the actual position on the ground remains vastly different. Most of the provisions of these international laws exist only on paper, the constraints of international diplomacy and relations making them virtually irrelevant. (Mastny & French, 2002) The controversy surrounding the Kyoto Protocol represents the diverse issues raised by different nations that lead to differences of opinion, disagreements and finally delays in carrying out much needed environmental actions. The Kyoto Protocol was drawn up in Japan in 1997 to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), its objective being to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by establishing reduction targets and by developing national programmes and policies. It binds industrialised nations to reduce worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5. 2% below their 1990 levels. Whilst a number of developed nations have ratified the treaty and committed their governments to achieving the set targets, the US has gone back on its earlier commitment (given in 2001), and President Bush has stated that the US will never sign the treaty. Even as negotiations are underway for enlarging the number of ratifying countries, strong opposition to ratifying the treaty still remains in Australia. While both the US and Australian administrations argue that the potential costs of implementing Kyoto make it detrimental to economic growth, they also feel Kyoto to be fundamentally flawed as it excludes developing countries, which account for 80 % of the world’s population, and whose carbon emissions will inevitably grow as they develop. Both China and India are exempt from Kyoto targets because of their low per capita emissions and their development needs. The fact that the US accounts for 25 % of global greenhouse emissions today and that Australia has one of the highest per capita emissions in the world has not dented the resolve of these counties not to ratify the treaty. (Shaffner, 2007)

Concussions in Sports and Return to Play Guidlines Essay

Concussions in Sports and Return to Play Guidlines - Essay Example He hit his head on the turf, lost consciousness and when he regained consciousness, he remembered nothing of the incident. On the same day, in another game, Troy Aikman, one of the starting quarterbacks had to leave the game when he was kneed in the head. His condition was also termed as a concussion. Two players getting hit in the head on the same day is a rare occurrence because mild head trauma is limited to 2% and 10% for any athlete and this calls for some attention to incidence of concussion in various sports. The word 'Concussion' induces horrible images of permanent brain damage. But there is a) low probability of an athlete being hit in the head and 2) the return and full recovery are often rapid. However there have been more complicated cases where effects of concussions lasted a very long time. (e.g., Barth et al., 1983; Rimel, Giordani, Barth, Boll, & Jane, 1981). A growing body of literature, thought not vast yet, focuses on the occurrence and effects of concussion in various contact sports including boxing, football, and soccer. It was found that while professional athletes can serve as good cases studies for various related researches, they usually do not report every injury making it difficult to gather accurate data on the incidence of injuries in sports. Athletes underreport for fear of sabotaging their chances of playing in coming games. (Gerberich, Priest, Boen, Staub, & Maxwell, 1983). What is a Concussion or Mild Trauma The study of concussion in sports is relatively new considering that literature available is barely 15-20 years old. Attention is being paid to the process by which concussion cases mild head injury and the subsequent post concussive symptoms that result. Concussion or mild head injury refers to blow to the head which may or may not be followed by loss of consciousness but causing an alteration in awareness. Though no serious lesions are noticed on brain in the case of concussions, some contusions may be found on the frontal and temporal lobes. The white matter in the brain is affected and some shearing might be caused to neuronal axons (Duckett & Duckett, 1993). Acute and chronic alterations in neurochemical functions are also reported following a head injury (Dixon, Taft, & Hayes, 1993). The problem with CT and MRI scans is that while they can detect serious signs of severe injury such as swelling or bleeding, they may fail to notice lesions caused by concussion. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to measure and categorize injury. With a score of 13 or above for example, injury is considered mild. However while this scale along with other factors just as length of unconsciousness and length of stay in the hospital are used to categorize concussion and resulting head injury, there is still a serious lack of consensus

Pulfrich Effect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pulfrich Effect - Research Paper Example Then, the pendulum was tested to be actually moving in a way that it is not moving towards you and away from you but it is actually moving side to side. To test this, the experimenter looked at it on the side, (Figure 1, Person B) and viewed the pendulum if it is moving in a straight path and not in circular manner. Then, when the set up was completed, the person who will do the experiment, (person A) stood 224 cm away from the pendulum set up. Then, final verification of the pendulum was done again to make sure that it is really working. After that, the real experiment was done. The experimenter (person B) covered the right eye of Person A with the filter and the other eye was remained open while the pendulum was swinging. Then person A was asked to closely observe what will happen on the pendulum set up and to critically look at the object for him not to miss any vital observations that can be done. Then, person A was asked if he observed the phenomenon that is expected to happen in the experiment. Since the person A had observed the phenomenon, he was asked to describe the said effect in which person A claimed that the pendulum seems following an elliptical path. After it was verified, the same procedure was repeated, the same procedure applies using the same set of experimental devices and the same person A was asked to do the exper... Since the person A had observed the phenomenon, he was asked to describe the said effect in which person A claimed that the pendulum seems following an elliptical path. After it was verified, the same procedure was repeated, the same procedure applies using the same set of experimental devices and the same person A was asked to do the experiment but the thing is, the light is less brighter compared before. The light used was slightly dimmer from the previous one and it was set up by placing some dark filters directly on the bulb to control its brightness. The accuracy of the measurement is highly needed to produce a substantial result and analysis of the experiment. To measure D, the point where the resting pendulum is and the actual location where person A is standing was measured in a straight line. The s is measured by getting the distance between the two eyes. W was measured by getting the half of the full swing of the pendulum where p is the distance of the middle part of the weight up to the tip of the string of the pendulum. The d is the trickiest of all but it was done by placing a meter stick below the pendulum and a pencil vertically upright. Then, while observing the Pulfrich effect, the pencil was being moved until it seems that the elliptical path of the pendulum is directly above pencil. Then the measurement was get in cm to avoid confusion through out the experiment. The calculation of the entire experiment that can show the entire difference of time lags in two situation, (that is also the reference for question 1. A) is attached and labeled figure 2. In this experiment, the Pulfrich Effect can be observed and documented in a way that you can easily understand the concept behind

China Fragile State Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

China Fragile State Analysis - Essay Example Lack of a continuous economic growth in China poses a big threat worldwide as many observers point out. A Chinese specialist Susan Shirk asserts that China’s internal fragility status presents a big danger more than the economy and the strength of its military. China exists as a sovereign country located in East Asia. A recent report compiled by World Bank (2014) shows a rapid increase in China’s population. The survey shows that the population is currently at 1,369,811,000. The Chinese government recognizes 56 ethnic groups (CIA, 2010). A survey conducted by Central Intelligence Agency US (2010) shows that the Han Chinese is the largest ethnic group in china occupying 91.6 percent of the total population. The second largest ethnic group is Zhuang occupying 1.3 percent. Other ethnicity groups that occupy the rest 1.7% include the Hui, Miiao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, Buyei, Bai, Kazakh, Yao and other small ethnic groups. China has been experiencing increased growth in economy in the past two decades. In the year 2012, China overtook Japan which was the world second largest economy making it the state with the second largest economy globally. However, after several research conducted by World Bank in 2013 China’s annual per capita GDP is at 7.7%. Such per capita indicates that the country remains as a developing country. China’s share in the world trade has increased rapidly in the recent years but the growth is moderately low compared to that of the US. According to a report by IMF (2009), the GDP in China at the current exchange rate is a fifth of that of the US and that of private consumption is an eighth of that of the US. Additionally, China accounts for only 3% of global imports of consumer goods and 4% of world import growth. This makes US the ‘global consumer’ in the short run (International Monetary Fund, 2009). The rise of China’s economy is the factor that has been raising its foreign

Technology Implementation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Implementation Paper - Essay Example Human capital is the most important factor in the organization’s success therefore, it is important that the staff feels comfortable with the implementation of new technology at workplace and they believe that the new technology implementation will be equally beneficial for them as much as it is beneficial for the company. This can be possible by providing the employees with all the information about the new technology and involving them in the decision making process, which will give them the sprit of ownership which will motivate them to actively participate in the new technology implementation (Garber, pp. 6-12). Organizational culture plays an important role gaining the competitive advantage since the employees feel comfortable working in the company, there is a low rate of employee turnover, and such employees are motivated to work well. The managers need to realize that the organizational culture should emphasize on learning new things by providing continuous training an d coaching. The employees must be motivated to learn new things and go for trainings by showing them how these training and learning will be beneficial for them and how the training benefited their seniors who also went trough the trainings programs and learning new technologies. There is a possibility that the staff may not be happy about new technology implementation, as it will require them to spend time on learning it and their routine might be disturbed. Moreover, they might think that this will not be of any benefit for them. The manager should arrange a meeting before actually implementing the new technology and inform the technical staff about the pros and cons of the new technology (Garber, pp. 6-12). They should make an impressive presentation showing the innovative features of the new technology they are going implement. The manager should make sure to attract the employees by informing them about the advantages of using the new technology for the company as well as for t he employees. Technology usually makes the work simpler therefore; the employees feel threatened of loosing their jobs, as new technology requires less human capital. The manager should satisfy the employees by answering all such questions that might be disturbing them that might be affecting their work. Manager should ensure their job safety, which will automatically bring them at ease in accepting the new technology (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, pp. 337-339). It is important that the manager gives timeline for the implementation of the new technology so that the employees prepares for it and starts working accordingly. The manager must inform the employees well ahead what they expect from them so that they plan their work according to the goals that they set with their manager. They should inform the employees about the training hours they will need to attend in order to learn how to implement and use the new technology and the input and output of training they are going to receive. Although attracting the employees towards the new technology is important but the manager must make sure that, they do not make any promises that they cannot fulfill or give them any unrealistic information about the new technology as it might result in the dissatisfaction of employees in long term and the employees might

SHOULD STUDENTS AND TEACHERS BE TESTED FOR DRUG USE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Research Paper

SHOULD STUDENTS AND TEACHERS BE TESTED FOR DRUG USE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS - Research Paper Example The issue of drugs has been identified as one of the major issue affecting education in both private and public schools (Muscat, 2007). However, the public schools are more affected than the private schools. According to Samaha (2011), an assistant vice principal in a public school in the state of New Jersey found a student with marijuana and rolling papers used to smoke it. This is an indication that the student was using drugs that could affect her health and the social health of other students. This case can suggest that the use of drugs might be prevalent among students in all the public schools in the United States. There are also teachers who have been identified by the school administrators of public schools to be using drugs while teaching or before teaching. The use of drugs by both students and teacher is greatly affecting education in the public schools. Therefore, any teacher of all public educational establishments, regardless of whether it is high school, elementary or kindergarten, should be tested for drug use. Moreover, all the students in the public schools, especially the adolescent and young adults, should be tested for drugs. The testing of teachers and students for drug use would help to identify whom drugs affect most. This can help both the school administration and the government to decide the measure that are required to be taken to safeguard the social life of other students, as well as the quality of education. According to Alexander & Alexander (2011), the educational profession is heavily regulated in terms of the expected codes of conduct of the professions, as well as their responsibilities towards one another and towards students. The regulations imposed on this profession are mainly aimed at improving the safety of both the teachers and the students. The regulations are also aimed at improving the quality of education and to promote learning

Electronic notepad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electronic notepad - Essay Example Elecwrit notebooks will be small in size, portable, simple, customized covering and exclusively for writing purpose. In the start we will only target the Melbourne market however, at later stages we aim to target customer segments from other geographical regions of Australia. We will target the customers based on their income level and profession. Our major target market segments include students and working professionals. We will adopt premium pricing strategy in the beginning however, at later stages we may switch to price penetration strategy. To promote the products we will create a strong marketing campaign in which we will participate in the trade fairs and we will also visit the universities, colleges and companies. We will offer special wholesale packages to the universities and companies in the beginning. The financial information in the report shows that we will require an initial capital of $400,000 to start up the company and in the first year of operations our net profit is expected to be above $90,000. Therefore, we believe that Elecwrit will be a successful venture. Elecwrit offers high quality electronic products to those who are seeking trendy, stylish and easily portable products. We offer our products to a broad spectrum of consumers by offering them at affordable prices. To select the target market, the market segmentation strategy will be demographics market segmentation. The two variables including the income level and profession will be selected to segment the Australian market. Since the company will start its operations from the Melbourne market therefore, at the initial stage only the universities and companies in Melbourne will be targeted. Following table shows the target market of Elecwrit. We aim to target students and professionals with the income level of $5000 and above. The income level represents the individual income and not the household income. Since students

The Tourism Industry, in Dubai and Turkey Research Paper

The Tourism Industry, in Dubai and Turkey - Research Paper Example Both Dubai and Turkey depend tremendously on tourism for revenue generation as well as a source of income and employment. Both countries show considerable hospitality towards tourism by using incentives as well as having scrupulous tourist infrastructure and appropriate staff. Government in both Turkey and Dubai provide sufficient funding to the tourism industry. Both regions have also suffered a setback due to stigmatization from the west especially after the September 11 2001 bombing in the United States, which was linked to persons from the Middle East. This greatly affected the tourism industries over the last decade. Dubai and Turkey differ in the type of visitor sites they have preserved. Dubai is one of them most recommended tourist destination in Middle East for tourists mostly from Arab, Asia and European. Visitors are primarily business people or shoppers. The city of Dubai is a lovely site due to the elegant shopping malls as well as outstanding hotels and restaurants. Mos t tourist sites are artificially assembled. There are few and less impressive natural tourist sites. Turkey is endowed with stunning natural sites such as the outstanding coastline, archaeological sites, and the appurtenant climate. Another attraction for tourist in turkey is the long summer (United Arab Emirates Web; Kassam, & Choufany Web). The Dubai tourism sector is as well as the government is extremely accommodating to visitor as they provide excellent guidance for visitors as well as tax-free shopping. The government also offers incredible transport for tourists. Dubai has airline links with almost all countries in the globe. On the other hand, Turkey is linked to Europe by suspension bridges. The airlines are not as extensive as those for Dubai (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210-212; United Arab Emirates Web) Factors enhancing tourism in Dubai include desirable but cheep tourist hotels, good security, magnificent shopping malls with variable product prices. Dubai is therefore considered to have one of the best catering to tourists. Turkey government, according to (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 209) has ratified a tourism encouragement act to boost tourism development. The act allows for employment of foreigners especially in tourism and airlines sectors as well as provision of land for tourism investment. Turkey’s culture is a combination of Asian as well as western culture, which makes it accommodative for tourists from Europe, and other regions of the world. Dubai on the other hand follows Asian cultures quite strictly (United Arab Emirates Web; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210-211). The Target Markets and Different Market Segments Dubai Has Targeted In the Past or Should Target In The Future In Dubai, tourism is a major source of income for the city. The tourism sector in Dubai receives about eight million tourists every year from various parts of the world especially from Europe and some Asian countries. The high number of visitor is due to the great hospitality and use of incentives to encourage tourists. However, the industry hopes to increase this number to about fifteen million tourists by 2015 (Kassam, & Choufany Web). In the past, Dubai has vastly depended on it superb shopping malls and exceptional airline services to entice business people and shoppers. Dubai is attempting to reconstruct the tourism industry to be sustainable. In future, Dubai targets the medical tourist market by improving the health facilities to provide expert medical services, which will attract and encourage visitors to Dubai. They are already advertising

Information System Management Essay Example for Free

Information System Management Essay A new concept in today’s IT world is offshore sourcing in Information Systems which is a paradigm shift from the traditional Business Process Outsourcing. Although the latter has been facilitated by the lucrative IT infrastructure, it is important to focus and emphasis on what has brought about offshore Information System sourcing. This journal article has theoretically explored on factors which the authors considers are the key drivers that can influence a company to go offshore. Additionally, to practically drive the point home, the article has exclusively carried out and explained a case study on ComputerInc, an Australian IT services company. Consequently, some of the key-driving factors include becoming and remaining competitive, reducing operational costs, and increasing the market share. Nevertheless, key challenges include overall strenuous management, staff demoralization, and lowered quality of services. This article is relevant in that the roles of the management for instance that of Chief Information Officer is critical in creating viable decisions. Such include venturing into IS offshore sourcing so as to drive organizations technologically and reap benefits such as reduced operation costs (McNurlin, et al. 2009, pp. 10-13). In the article, ComputerInc is argued to have increased its global market share as a result of IS offshore outsourcing (Beverakis et al. 2009, p. 35). In this regard, McNurlin, et al. (2009, pp. 17-20) have classified roles of IT infrastructure into three: working inward, working outside, and working across. Benefits include global positioning, partnering, and increasing the clientele base if/when proper IS planning is done by the decision makers. The article explains how viable decisions made by ComputerInc’s management drove the company into offshore outsourcing, attain a global position, and command a competitive market share (McNurlin, et al. 2009, p. 18). This corresponds to the learning outcomes of this course and for that reason I would award the article a value of four out of five on a score-scale. The Journal of Global Information Management is an academic journal published by the Information Resources Management Association. The Editor-in-chief for this journal is called Felix B Tan of Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand. Journal of Global Information Management is published on quarterly basis every year. In each year, a single volume is released but in each quarter the released journal is assigned a separate issue number. The journal is both online and in print and it is accessible at a personal level and to institutions. However, to access the journal subscription is a must whereby printed journal goes is sold at $ 545 and $ 195 to an institution and individual respectively (JGIM 2010). In all the issues of the Journal of Global Information Management emphasizes on all the concepts related to management of worldwide information resources. The journal creates a forum in which professionals and researchers disseminate current and surfacing information in both theoretical and practical perspective in relation to information technology and information resource management at global level. Therefore its main objective is put main emphasis on organizational and managerial aspects of Information Technology resources management. It covers on a range of issues such as policies, failure, usage, success, applications, and strategies of IT in business enterprises both in developed and emerging economies (JGIM 2010). The Journal of Global Information Management has laid out procedures whereby professionals and researchers especially in the field of information system management share their knowledge in regard to emerging challenges, posed by IT developments. Through its case studies, the journal proposes means on how to integrate information technology techniques into current managerial strategies. Therefore, it covers on the learning outcomes of this course such as role of IS managers, importance of IS/IT in driving companies to the global center-stage (JGIM 2010). In this article, it is acknowledged that information system offshore outsourcing has over the years increased drastically. In the research study, a number of steps involved in making such decisions at the management level have been identified. It states that IT managers weighs on the benefits and challenges of offshore outsourcing, evaluates the all the logistics involved in the process, and determines the prevailing geography. The research is based on literature review of existing companies’ statistical reports as presented in annual releases. The article states that offshore outsourcing surpasses onshore outsourcing in terms of benefits and risks involved. USA, UK, France, and Germany are the major IS offshore outsourcers in countries such as India, and China. Reduction in operation costs has been identified as the key motivator whereas it also stresses that quality services, security, and provider location must be considered. The key factors identified by Reyes, Jose and Juan (2006, p. 234) that influence offshore outsourcing are market and economic globalization, savings on operational costs in terms of salaries paid to the staff, shortage of skilled manpower, the need to reduce IS projects’ development time-cycle, and the growth or access to internet by large number of people (McNurlin, et al. 2009, pp. 7 33-39). This article demonstrates and emphasizes on key steps that information system managers of any organization have to take while making decisions on whether to outsource some of their services offshore. In comparison, McNurlin, et al. 2009, p. 11) in their book acknowledges the same that CIO’s should design policies, analyze possible benefits and risks so as to make informed decisions. In regard to the learning outcomes of ECOM20001, the article is explicit on what chief information officers are expected to do, have presented statistical evidence on how companies expand due to outsourcing and the impact of globalization on company activities in terms of risks and benefits. Considering such coverage on E-enablement and globalization I would award the article a score of five.

Meanings of Health An Overview

Meanings of Health An Overview Definitions of health The concept of health means different things to different people. Early meanings of health Prior to World War II, health was viewed as the opposite to illness. If there was no evidence of disease or physical illness, we were considered health Any breakdown in the body system meant it was not healthy this view suggested if you were ill medicine, drugs and doctors could return you to a healthy state Using this approach health has some limitations too narrow and one dimensional disregards individuals with mental, social or spiritual illness e.g. a person may not be suffering a physical illness, but may be experiencing depression or emotional stress. World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity definition gave greater recognition to a more holistic concept of health complete suggests that you always have to have no problems with yourself at all times otherwise you are not considered healthy à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   unrealistic and unachievable Dimensions of Health Physical health is the wellness of the body and the absence of chronic pain or discomfort Social health is our ability to interact with other people in an interdependent and cooperative way Mental/emotional health is a state of well-being where we can realise our abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productivity and make a contribution to the community Spiritual health relates to a sense of purpose and meaning in our life and to feeling connected with others and society Health is a result of complex interactions between each of the 4 dimensions. As one dimension improves, so too might another in an indirect way and vice versa. Relative and dynamic nature of health Health is dynamic and relative Dynamic health the health status of an individual is continually changing e.g. an individual go to bed feeling fine then wake up with the flu the next day Relative health the use of others to compare the health status of a particular person e.g. an individual decides that an elite sports person is healthier than their friend who is into tennis An individuals circumstances affect their health Our health status changes in relation to our circumstances. Factors that can impact on health status include: Heredity Experiences environmental factors Ability to make informed health decisions (SES) Opportunities to access health services (Location) Perceptions of Health Focuses on how health is regarded, understood and interpreted. It relates to peoples opinions of health and how these opinions are formed. Perception the way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted Perceptions of our health Perceptions of their health how you understand health How you interpret your own health is affected by many things including: Our familys perception of health Our peers understanding of what health is and how to become it How health is portrayed in the media Our personal beliefs and preconceptions about life in general The value we place on health Our previous experiences related to health (fitness, sport, injury, illness, disease) Our environment (geographical location, access to health information and technology) Our level of health education Our perception of health will change during our life cycle INSERT TABLE Perceptions on the health of others The perceptions of the health of others is largely influenced by your view of health and what you know about the person. We tend to judge others very superficially based on our perception of their health. We may hold stereotypical beliefs about particular groups in the community and this may limit our ideas about their likely health status e.g. We may perceive a model as healthy however this is not considering all health dimensions Implications of different perceptions of health Individual level an individuals perception of their health can have a significant influence on their lifestyle choices and behaviours relating to health An accurate assessment of our level of health assists us to be proactive about our health and take appropriate action to address health concerns e.g. an individual who regularly drinks alcohol and recognises that their behaviour is having a detrimental effect on their health is more likely to stop drinking, limit their alcohol intake or seek professional help than someone who does not believe their alcohol consumption is causing them harm An incorrect or distorted assessment of our health status could lead to health behaviours that are likely to harm our overall health e.g. an individual perceiving themselves to be overweight when their weight fits within a healthy range which leads them to not eating Policy level different perceptions held by government, health professionals etc. may drive the health agenda for developing strategies and interventions this could influence policies relating to health education, budget expenditure on certain areas etc. Perceptions of health as social constructs A Social construct is a concept that recognises that people have different view based on their social circumstances and ways of seeing, interpreting, interrelating and interacting with their environment The recognition that individuals do not have complete control over their own health has contributed to the acceptance that health is a social construct. A persons health behaviours and health status are significantly determined by factors relating to the social, physical and cultural environment in which they live. Recognising health as a social construct helps us explain why some individuals or groups experience better or worse health than others. It also helps us understand why improving the health status of particular groups within the community can be a complex and prolonged process. Factors that are likely to play a role in our social construct of health: Socioeconomic status Geographical location Cultural background Gender Age Level of education Community values and expectations All these factors have an influence on: The expectations we form about our health potential The understanding we develop of what good health involves The ability we have to act on information and exert control over our own health our choices about whether we use health products and services and how they are used how we respond to challenges to our health and well-being Impact of the media, peers and family Media Investigate the trends in the health behaviours of young people Use textbook Pick 3 health behaviours substance use sexual and reproductive health food habits Identify protective and risk behaviours Sexual and reproductive health The health behaviours of young people relating to sexual activity have found to have both favourable and unfavourable trends in different areas of the behaviour. The sexual and reproductive health is a significant part of a young persons life as adolescence is a time where an individual may choose to begin participating in sexual activity. The Young Australians: their health and wellbeing 2008 report profile found that 42.5% of young people in Year 10 and Year 12 have had sexual intercourse and around 45% of the sexually active students reported having more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months and both of these numbers have increased significantly since the previous survey in 2002. As a result of a higher sexual activity rate there has been a rising number of STI contractions. The survey found that 99.8% of young people in Year 10 and 12 used a form of contraception at their most recent sexual encounter and this number is showing a favourable trend. However, there are rising rates of notifiable sexually transmissible infections among young people aged 12-24 years largely chlamydia, with 1045 per 100,000 having a STI and 945 per 100,000 being chlamydia. This shows that although young people are using contraceptive methods they may not be using barrier methods to prevent STIs. Substance use The health behaviours of young people relating to drug use Physical activity The health behaviours of young people relating to physical activity have found to have unfavourable trends. The NSW schools physical activity and nutrition survey (SPANS) 2010 found that there has been a significant decline in the physical activity level of high school students, with an exception to year 10 girls. Only 56% of surveyed students met the recommended guidelines in summer and just over 50% in winter. Another finding of the SPANS in relation to physical activity was the significant proportion of young people participating in in small screen recreation (SSR) where over 60% exceeded the recommended guideline of 2 hours on weekdays, with this increasing to 80% on weekends. This sedentary behaviour in young people will ultimately increase level of health related disease in the future.

A rose for emily character analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Pity for Emily   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short story A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner there is a very interesting character. Her Name is Emily Grierson and she is a rich southern gentile. All her life it seems that she was raised at a standard that was above the rest. By living such a secluded and controlled life it set her up for the happenings in her future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When her father passed away she had nobody to tell her what to do and how to act. This was very devastating and she had a hard time dealing with change. So much so that she wouldn't let the police take the body of her father out of the house for three days after his death. The only thing that was constant in her house was the slave that was bound to serve her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this writing I feel that the author takes an outside look at Emily to let you make your own decisions about her. This is a very good way of doing it because it leaves you with an open-ended judgment. You may feel a variety of ways about her, the first being that she is completely psychotic. This is the first and easiest conclusion to come up with. If you weren’t reading with much thought and analyzing the character it would be easy to feel this way. The second emotion is the strongest I feel about her, this would be pity for her. Leading a life that is mapped out for you by someone would not be a hard task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the â€Å"old south† when this story takes plac...

The True Story of Sweeny Todd Essays -- Biography

The True Story of Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd was born on October 16, 1756. (Knowledge of London. 2004) The where a bout’s of where he was originally born were somewhere in the fetid East End of London but some say at 85 Brick Lane in London’s East End. Todd was the son of Elizabeth and Samuel Todd. Elizabeth Todd’s mother was a silk winder and Todd’s father Samuel was a silk weaver. His parents were in a business together but came with very little compensation. When Todd was 12 years old both of his parents died in a tragic accident that no one is quite sure of. Todd was then sent to an orphanage. There he became an apprentice to a cutler named John Crook. (Knowledge of London. 2004) In two years’ time when Todd was only 14 years old he was arrested for stealing a pocket watch. He went to Newgate Prison for five years. There in prison he met an old barber named Elmer Plummer. Plummer taught Sweeney how to cut hair, shave, and pick pocket costumers. (Knowledge of London. 2004) While Sweeney was waiting to be set free he thought with these new obtained skills he could make a little money from his fellow inmates. Sweeney and Plummer teamed up with one another and began shaving and cutting some of the prisoner’s hair who could afford it. (Knowledge of London. 2004) When Todd was released from prison he found work as a â€Å"flying barber†. (Richard Jones.Feb 21, 2004) He found this job unfulfilling and wanted to be his own boss so on an afternoon stroll he settled on this premises next to the St. Dunstan’s Church and a bakery. Sweeney Todd decided to buy the premises as his business and his home. He opened his Barber Shop at 186 Fleet Street in 1775. Todd met the baker, Mrs. Lovett, who was right next door to him and they became lover... ...y Sir Richard Blunt said sea-fairing men were disappearing from Todd’s shop. In the end Todd was accused of one murder that of Francis Thornhill. A pawnbroker’s clerk recognized Mr. Thornhill’s pearls when Todd was trying to pawn them. Todd and Mrs. Lovett were arrested in 1801. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) After their arrests there was an investigation done on the basement and there the police found the piled up bones in the Weston family vault. Todd killed an estimate of 160 people in a 17 year time period. Todd was found guilty in ten minutes after the jury heard about the amount of bones found in the Weston family vault. Mrs. Lovett committed suicide while in prison. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) Sweeney Todd was hanged at age 45 on January 25, 1802. His hanging was at the Newgate Prison in front of the largest recorded crowd of over a thousand people. The True Story of Sweeny Todd Essays -- Biography The True Story of Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd was born on October 16, 1756. (Knowledge of London. 2004) The where a bout’s of where he was originally born were somewhere in the fetid East End of London but some say at 85 Brick Lane in London’s East End. Todd was the son of Elizabeth and Samuel Todd. Elizabeth Todd’s mother was a silk winder and Todd’s father Samuel was a silk weaver. His parents were in a business together but came with very little compensation. When Todd was 12 years old both of his parents died in a tragic accident that no one is quite sure of. Todd was then sent to an orphanage. There he became an apprentice to a cutler named John Crook. (Knowledge of London. 2004) In two years’ time when Todd was only 14 years old he was arrested for stealing a pocket watch. He went to Newgate Prison for five years. There in prison he met an old barber named Elmer Plummer. Plummer taught Sweeney how to cut hair, shave, and pick pocket costumers. (Knowledge of London. 2004) While Sweeney was waiting to be set free he thought with these new obtained skills he could make a little money from his fellow inmates. Sweeney and Plummer teamed up with one another and began shaving and cutting some of the prisoner’s hair who could afford it. (Knowledge of London. 2004) When Todd was released from prison he found work as a â€Å"flying barber†. (Richard Jones.Feb 21, 2004) He found this job unfulfilling and wanted to be his own boss so on an afternoon stroll he settled on this premises next to the St. Dunstan’s Church and a bakery. Sweeney Todd decided to buy the premises as his business and his home. He opened his Barber Shop at 186 Fleet Street in 1775. Todd met the baker, Mrs. Lovett, who was right next door to him and they became lover... ...y Sir Richard Blunt said sea-fairing men were disappearing from Todd’s shop. In the end Todd was accused of one murder that of Francis Thornhill. A pawnbroker’s clerk recognized Mr. Thornhill’s pearls when Todd was trying to pawn them. Todd and Mrs. Lovett were arrested in 1801. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) After their arrests there was an investigation done on the basement and there the police found the piled up bones in the Weston family vault. Todd killed an estimate of 160 people in a 17 year time period. Todd was found guilty in ten minutes after the jury heard about the amount of bones found in the Weston family vault. Mrs. Lovett committed suicide while in prison. (The Independent. Jan. 3, 2006) Sweeney Todd was hanged at age 45 on January 25, 1802. His hanging was at the Newgate Prison in front of the largest recorded crowd of over a thousand people.

The Epa: Can It, Will It Save Our Environment? :: essays research papers

The EPA: Can It, Will It Save Our Environment? Pollution of our environment is an issue that concerns each and every one of us. "The threat of environmental degradation now looms greater than the threat of nuclear war." Patrick Henry said, "I know no way of judging the future but by the past." In the past man has trampled on the environment. "The word 'ecology' means 'a study of home.'" It means discovering what damage man has done, then finding ways to fix it.The Environmental Protection Agency is trying to fix our home, the planet Earth. Destruction of forests, land degradation, atmosperic contamination, and water scarcity are some of the major environmental problems. In 1970, the EPA was created by President Nixon to protect the public health and environment. The cancer-causing DDT was banned in 1972 and was found accumulating in the food chain. The use of lead in gasoline was phased out in '73 which caused lead levels to drop 98%. In '74 the agency required drinking water to be physically and chemically treated. CFCs were banned in '78 and a nation-wide toxic waste site cleanup program was developed in 1980. The EPA then evacuated Times Beach, Montana for dangerous levels of dioxin in soil, which was then criticized for its heavyhandedness and arrogance. Charges of mismanagement and undue political influence caused the head of the EPA to resign in '83. "The deputy director resigns because of charges of making a 'hit list' of employees to be hired, fired, or promoted because of political leanings. The former head of the toxic waste cleanup is found guilty of perjury and obstructing congressional inquiry. A regulation requiring treatment of hazardous wastes before disposal underground was made in 1984." The spill of the Exxon Valdez caused the Environmental Protection Agency to be ctiticized for slow response in '89. Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline was fined $15 million for the contamination of PCB at 89 sites in '90. They were also required to pay $750 million in cleanups. "The EPA then develops the new Clean Air Act which required states to demonstrate progress toward meeting national air quality standards for harmful pollutants such as smog and carbon monoxide." The EPA issued a report in 1990 ranking the most serious threats to the environment and to human health. The highest-risk problems to human health are air pollution, exposure to toxic chemicals, and pollution of drinking water. In '91, $25 million in fines was given by Exxon Corporation and Exxon Shipping and the U.S. and Alaskan governments received $100 million. They also estimated a $900 million redemption fund.

Romulus My Father Belonging Essay

What particular insight into an understanding of belonging have you gained from Raimond Gaita’s representation of his father’s life in Romulus my Father in the early chapters of the memoir, and how his choice of language, style, voice and the use of the memoir influenced your response to his story so far In the early chapters of the memoir Gaita gives us images and ideas that he himself acquired from his father, for example ‘Though the landscape is one of rare beauty, to the English or European eye it seems desolate and even after 14 years my facer could not become reconciled to it’ is a quote said early on in the book describing Romulus’ disdain for the Australian landscape which Raimond originally also shared until his enlightenment. Romulus does not feel like he can belong in Australia early in the chapter because he still has the images of the lush, green European landscape in his mind and this leads to a sense of not belonging because he hungers for his homeland. The idea that the landscape shapes your identity and sense of belonging is something that Gaita reinforces. Another insight into belonging that Raimond tries to convey is that people gravitate to those who share similar values/language to them. Romulus is a migrant and feels lost in this country but he then finds other Romanian people and bonds with them.The house at frogmore which was isolated helped shape Gaita’s sense of belonging because he felt safe and free there, this is another example of the place where you grew up shaping your sense of belonging. Time and time again Gaita reinforces the idea that his father was a hero and someone who should be admired. This devotion and love for his father is seen throughout the memoir and we are told anecdotes explaining how Romulus made the hard decisions and tried to raise his son as a good person even going so far to beat him to reinforce these ideals such as lying is bad, respect your parents and not to steal . The repetition of this admiration is used to show the bond between a father and his child.The depression motif gives another insight into how hard it is to acquire a sense of belonging. Many characters in the memoir have depression and this is to emphasis the feeling of loneliness, desolation and non-belonging because of the migrant experience and even Romulus himself goes through states of madness during his life because of the migrant experience. Acceptance by all people is something that people must have to belong or else the sadness/loneliness may drive them to madness also. Christina is an example of this because she has no sense of belonging, travels a lot and has a lot of lovers. Gaita never says she is a bad mother even because of these things, he only reminds us she that she has problems and it is not her fault.Her attempted suicide story is used to make us feel sorry for her and pity because she has never been able to connect with anything, ‘alone, small, frailâ₠¬ ¦forsaken†, this accumulation of adjectives gives us a more descriptive picture of what was happening and how she felt. The narrative is in first person narrative and gives us a firsthand experience in what had happened. The memoir seems more real to us because it is real and therefore we can relate to it better and use it to better our lives. Though his language is more matter of fact at the beginning of the memoir, his eventual ascendance changes his language style so much that is clear that is a wiser and smarter Raimond speaking now. This higher intelligence lets us communicate with him better and so we can fully grasp what he is trying to tell us about belonging and how it is to get that true sense of belonging.

Enterprise Architecture at American Express Essay

Critical facts American Express, located in New York City, was founded in 1850 (Corporate Profile, 2015). It is one of the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (Corporate Profile, 2015). American provides services such as credit cards, charge cards, and traveler’s checks (Corporate Profile, 2015). American Express cards account for 24% of credit card transactions in the U.S. (Corporate Profile, 2015). According to the company’s 10k, the company generates $33 billion in revenue and over $5 billion in income. The company’s total assets are over $150 billion. American Express has one of the largest IT infrastructures and is able to handle an extremely high number of transactions each second (Demirkan, 2006). In 2011, the company won the first annual InfoWorld/Forrester Enterprise Architecture Award for its EA initiatives (Knorr, 2011). American Express chose to use an Enterprise Architecture (EA) as their IT framework that aligned their business and organizational needs to their information technology. Enterprise architects were the employees responsible for using this framework to continuously make their processes more efficient and utilizing their IT/IS to the fullest extent (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). Analysis I will be analyzing the success of American Express’s Enterprise Architecture, how Zachman Framework is used to structure the EA, and how this improved their existing service-oriented architecture (SOA). Changes in the way that mobile payments were being used by their clients, the company had to be flexible and adapt to the transformation. New delivery channels required American Express to adjust their prior time-to-market guidelines for payment services (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). The company turned to its Enterprise Architecture (EA) to guide them through the current market conditions. The opportunity that American Express saw was to use EA to meet the demands for a hastily changing environment. EA is a complex framework of rigid standards for developing an IT architecture and infrastructure that provides a design of how the IS of a company relates to the businesses and processes  (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). The architecture analyzes a great deal of the company, identifies core processes and how they work together, and then organizes how business units will interact and how IT will provide support (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013. The EA includes the Core business processes, shared data, linking/automating technologies, and customer groups (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013), with key components like the ability to do business effectively while utilizing new payment methods and mobile devices (Knor, 2011). Though an EA can help organize a company in a meaningful way, there are also potential drawbacks, which are discussed below. Zachman Framework is a tool that can be used to obtain the knowledge about itself with Enterprise architecture. It is a logical structure that classifies and organizes the descriptive representations of an enterprise (Pereira, Marques and Sousa, 2004). The framework integrates and aligns the IT infrastructure and business goals (Nogueira etc. al, 2011). Whereas an EA is used to document and develop the organizational data for American Express, the company uses the Zachman framework methodology to implement the EA. Zachman proposed the framework for IT architecture so that all of the IS architectures are depicted from top to bottom. It uses a matrix to provide a standard to ensure information environments are properly integrated (Nogueira etc. al, 2011). The 5 roles included in the framework are Planner, Owner, Designer, Builder, and Subcontractor. The EA provided several good things to the company. The EA system streamlined American Express’s processes, even as they were constantly re-analyzing how their business was being performed with the added intricacies of new delivery channels (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). The employment of their enterprise architecture was key to adapting to this new business environment the company now found itself in. The enterprise architects worked closely with other departments and were able to both standardize applications throughout the organization and help create the strategies for each division. The Zachman framework positively assisted in the implementation by answering the questions: What (data), How (function),  Where (network), Who (people), When (time) and Why (motivation). It helped point out the information needed for the EA and their relationships (Nogueira etc. al, 2011). The strategies they helped create involved initiatives for each business, along with their IT support, that aligned well with the overall business plan of the organization. These initiatives, referred to as â€Å"road maps,† standardized their tools, architectures, governance, capabilities, and many other processes (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). Three types of roadmaps in particular were used by American Express: Technology, reference architecture, and utility/capability. The three roads maps all used a consistent lifecycle management standard and a standardized architecture governance process. Another helpful aspect of the system included the flexibility that EA provided, which worked well with their existing architecture service-oriented architecture (SOA). SOA is an architecture type where larger software programs are broken down into services connected to each other via orchestration (Pearlson and Sanders, 2013). The services work together to form a business process, creating an agile, reusable system for creating applications. The existing software components can be modified to quickly build applications in a rapidly changing environment like the one American Express was experiencing. The enterprise architects assisted in the company’s SOA with an emphasis on reusable utilities and components (Demirkan, 2006). This system is ideal for a rapidly changing environment such as the one American Express was experiencing. Though SOA is a widely-used technology that can increase the IS’s agility, flexibility and interoperability between applications, there are also drawbacks, including the economic and personnel resources (Choi, Nazareth and Jain, 2010). SOA can reduce IT costs and increase the company’s return on IT investment, however the short-term requirements to implement SOA could outweigh long-term benefits (Choi, Nazareth and Jain, 2010). There are also some drawbacks to implementing an Enterprise Architecture,  including the cost of implementation, the risk of stakeholders’ unwillingness to accept it, and the new EA not corresponding to the business goals. When implementing SOA or EA, the entire IS organization is affected, along with the business alignment (Choi, Nazareth and Jain, 2010). Using a Zachman framework to implement the EA defined the involvement of stakeholders, as well aligning the EA goals with the business goals, which alleviated much of the risk of implementing the EA. The Zachman framework helped to avoid the risk that the architecture was not a fit for the employees and customers. In conclusion, the implementation of an EA is a complex endeavor, but was a necessary one for American Express to have the necessary tools to organize and document the whole enterprise, allowing them to quickly and efficiently change with the ever-changing business environment and customer needs. The Zachman Framework assisted in the implementation of the EA, and the company’s SOA gave it the desired agility needed to meet the customers’ needs. Recommendations My recommendation is that American Express’s continue to use the agility of their SOA to keep up with the changing environment. Their current EA was a great architecture that fit in perfectly with their business strategy. Moving forward, American Express will continue to use their highly efficient EA to meet the industry demands that they and their customers will face. The EA has worked well for them thus far, and should carry on as the ideal architecture of the firm in the near future. American Express will continue to face challenges beyond the near-term future and need re-analyze the situation prior to considering another overhaul of their current infrastructure. Many companies fail when attempting to implement an enterprise architecture. An EA will often fail if it is regarded as a separate initiative (Lohe, 2014), but American Express used it as a driver of their business and embedded it into their corporate strategy. Per the drawbacks noted above, this is a large and potentially costly undertaking. The agility of their current SOA and EA should allow the  company to adapt future challenges and they should not rush into an architecture overhaul. Furthermore, I would recommend using this system to its fullest potential by embracing the changing environment as much as possible. They can gain an edge on their competitors by focusing on mobile payments, new payment methods, and the newest innovations and technologies their clients are exposed to. The technological environment is constantly changing with new payment methods like Google Wallet and Apple Pay. Due to their EA, American Express is in prime position to accept these new methods as they develop. References Choi, J., Nazareth, D. L., & Jain, H. K. (2010). Implementing Service-Oriented Architecture in Organizations. Journal Of Management Information Systems, 26(4), 253-286. Corporate Profile. (2015, January 1). Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://ir.americanexpress.com/CorporateProfile.aspx?iid=102700 Demirkan, H., & Goul, M. (2006). AMCIS 2006 PANEL SUMMARY: TOWARDS THE SERVICE ORIENTED ENTERPRISE VISION: BRIDGING INDUSTRY AND ACADEMICS.Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 18546-556. Knor, E. (2011, September 19). The 2011 Enterprise Architecture Awards. Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.infoworld.com/article/2619868/enterprise-architecture/enterprise-architecture-the-2011-enterprise-architecture-awards.html Là ¶he, J., & Legner, C. (2014). Overcoming implementation challenges in enterprise architecture management: a design theory for architecture-driven IT Management (ADRIMA). Information Systems & E-Business Management, 12(1), 101-137. doi:10.1007/s10257-012-0211-y Nogueira, J. M., Romero, D., Espadas, J., & Molina, A. (2013). Leveraging the Zachman framework implementation using action – research methodology – a case study: aligning the enterprise architecture and the business goals. Enterprise Information Systems, 7(1), 100-132. doi:10.1080/17517575.2012.678387 Pearlson, K. (2001). Organizational Strategy and Information Systems. In Managing and using information systems: A strategic approach. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. Pereira, C. M., & Sousa, P. (2004). A method to define an enterprise architecture using the zachman frameworkdoi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/967900.968175

Geographical Information System In Meteorology Environmental Sciences Essay

Despite a batch of attempts by scientists in specifying what geographical information system ( GIS ) is, definitions still vary and sometimes can add to confusion. Many definitions can be referred to in this essay but we will restrict ourselves to two definitions. The first 1 is by Longly et Al, A ( 2004 ) who define GIS by mentioning to it as the survey â€Å" of the cardinal issues originating from the creative activity, managing, storage and usage of geographic information † ( p.3 ) . The 2nd definition is by Heywood ( 2006 ) who defines GIS as a â€Å" system for capturing, hive awaying, look intoing, incorporating, pull stringsing, analysing and exposing informations which are spatially referenced to the Earth † ( p.9 ) . In his of import book, Mirror Worlds, Gelernter ( 1992 ) argues that â€Å" we are populating in a universe where the existent and the digital universes are meeting † and that â€Å" you will look into a computing machine screen and see world. Some portion of your world- the town you live in, the company you work for, your school system, the metropolis hospital- will hang at that place in a crisp coloring material image, abstract but recognizable, traveling subtly in a 1000 topographic points † ( p.1 ) . The rise of smart systems is seting more information at our fingertips. Our nomadic phones, loaded with a assortment of applications, can draw all of this information together to state us where precisely we are and how far we are from a nice cup of java. We can book a vacation and acquire day-to-day updates of the conditions conditions at our finish. Of class, there are wider and arguably more of import utilizations of smart systems beyond these strictly superficial app lications. The usage of geographical information systems ( GIS ) has been at the really head of Gelernter ‘s ( 1992 ) vision of the ‘mirror universe ‘ . As a affair of fact the usage of such systems stems from the inflow of computing machines into America during the sixtiess. Harmonizing to Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) these early systems were used to, â€Å" supply a simplified position of the existent universe by exposing digital particular information as dynamic electronic maps † ( p. 314 ) . They go on to reason that GIS has now, â€Å" evolved into a powerful direction tool used for capturing, patterning, analyzing and exposing spacial informations † ( p. 314 ) . Here we see a clear illustration of the digital and the existent universes clashing with potentially illimitable third applications for the information gathered. This essay we will see the usage of GIS specifically in the field of weather forecasting. In this regard the first subdivision will supply a brief debut to some of the issues here and besides show a conceptual model that will function to steer the subsequent research. The 2nd subdivision will see the existent application of GIS in weather forecasting, pulling on specific illustrations of its usage. How is the information collected and how is it used? What are some of the possible chances and challenges that it presents? These are merely some of the inquiries that this subdivision will trust to reply. The concluding subdivision will be a decision that will try to pull the statements together.Section 1: Gilbert and MeteorologyPlanet Earth is experiencingA of all time altering climatic events which are doing, about every twenty-four hours, the headlines of the intelligence requiring, therefore, more surveies and research. Although the survey of conditions and clime is indispensable beca use exposing climatic informations and information is of a affair of involvement for the populace for different grounds, it is even more of import for meteorologists as it constitute a really important beginning of information for their field. Tveito et Al ( 2008 ) argue that the public demand for information on assorted climatological, meteoric, hydrological and environmental issues requires, â€Å" multifacet, cross-discipline informations or cognition so that quantitative methodological analysiss and tools are necessary to pull out, analyse, form and measure the needed information † ( p. 6 ) . They go on to reason that in this context, GIS has emerged as a powerful tool due to the fact that it makes it possible to, â€Å" combine all necessary processs for visual image, integrating, flexible combination and storage of information for different informations sets † ( p. 6 ) . Thorne ( 2005 ) observes that over the past decennary, the usage of GIS has experienced an rush in involvement due to the falling monetary values of consumer GIS merchandises, faster calculating treating power and the rise of the cyberspace. This has resulted in, â€Å" a set of fast real-time bespoke solutions and visual images for ma ny national meteoric services and terminal users † ( p. I ) . However, Van der Wel ( 2008 ) argues, the usage of GIS in weather forecasting is being held back for a figure of grounds. He observes that, â€Å" the credence of commercial GIS tools beyond climatology is still a cumbrous procedure, partially caused by the defects underlying the information theoretical account and partially by the deficiency of cognition of applicable GIS methods † ( p. 11 ) . Another possible account is put frontward by Petrosyan ( 2001 ) , who posits that meteorologists are, â€Å" more concerned with the inquiry why phenomena happen and less with the part where they go on † ( p. 26 ) . This begs the inquiry of merely how GIS is being utilised in this field. Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that the usage of GIS in weather forecasting allows for spacial variables to be compared with other variables, ensuing in datasets that can potentially profit a whole host of different maps. They observe that, â€Å" climatological and meteoric phenomena are of course spatially variable and therefore GIS represent a utile solution to the direction of huge spacial clime datasets for a broad figure of applications † ( p. 314 ) . Thornes ( 2005 ) subsequently expands on this, by saying that, â€Å" GIS methods allow the elaborate analysis of spacial forms of assorted atmospheric parametric quantities, supplying an in deepness expression into the regularities and variableness of conditions and clime over clip and infinite † ( p. I ) . Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that GIS serves a double intent in weather forecasting. These are the derivation of informations and the subsequent customization of informations in third applications. Figu re 1 shows their conceptual theoretical account of this double function.Figure 1: Conceptual Model of the Dual Role of GIS in Meteorology( beginning: Chapman and Thornes, 2003: 314 ) The balance of this essay will utilize this conceptual theoretical account as a model for the argument into the utilizations of GIS in weather forecasting. This essay will concentrate chiefly on the customization portion of the theoretical account, as it is here that we see the existent application of the informations to existent life state of affairss.Section 2: Uses of GIS in MeteorologyChapman and Thornes ‘ ( 2003 ) theoretical account shows that the first function of GIS in weather forecasting is derivation. This chiefly concerns itself with how the information is collected. Although this essay trades chiefly on the 2nd conceptual function of GIS, it is deserving sing the first briefly.2.1: Derivation of Spatial Climate DataChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that there are three chief signifiers of the derivation of spacial clime informations. These are: distant detection ; baseline climatologies ; and climate insertion. Therefore, it would be deserving sing these three s ubjects individually.2.1.1: Distant FeelingChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) province that GIS and remote feeling are really similar subjects. In world, they are so similar that it is difficult to separate or find where one ends and where the other Begins. However, the chief differentiation is that distant detection, â€Å" enables the acquisition of large-scale comprehensive datasets where as GIS provides a agency to expose and analyze the information † ( p.315 ) .2.1.2: Baseline ClimatologiesChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that clime informations is frequently displayed in a GIS in a assortment of different ways. They argue that because clime informations is normally a point beginning, one of the chief challenges in weather forecasting is how to project this information across a wider spacial sphere. They province that the extrapolation of clime informations, â€Å" has enabled good estimations of an country ‘s baseline climatology without the demand for extended aud ience of conditions records † ( p. 316 ) .2.1.3: Climate InterpolationChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that, â€Å" when covering with more spatially comprehensive clime datasets, the issue is non the illation of'first estimate ‘ baseline climatology, but alternatively the insertion of point station informations across the landscape by geostatistical techniques † ( p. 317 ) . The above has outlined the methods by which spacial clime datasets are gathered. These datasets can so be compared in a GIS, along with informations gathered from other beginnings. The ensuing informations can be tailored to run into the demands of a assortment of third applications. The undermentioned subdivision of this essay will see some of these applicationsl.2.2: Application of Spatial Climate DataOnce information has been collected, it is of import that it can be put to good usage in a assortment of ways. As already stated, the possible application of informations collected by GIS is illimitable but this essay will see some of the major applications.2.2.1: AgribusinessAgribusiness is possibly the biggest donee of the usage of GIS in weather forecasting. The usage of such systems allows for husbandmans to break predict and understand the conditions and how this could impact on their harvest outputs. There are infinite illustrations of this in operation and this essay shall now show a few. Madeline and Beltrando ( 2005 ) analyze how spacial interpolation-based function of spring hoars has helped Champagne manufacturers in northern France. The vineries in this part are highly sensitive to extreme frost events that sometimes occur in spring. In 2003, 50 % of the Champagne vineries were destroyed by a terrible hoar. The merchandise of these vineries is highly of import to the economic well-being of this part of France and so it of import to hold in topographic point a dependable prediction system that can foretell minimal temperatures. Madeline and Beltrando ( 2005 ) usage GIS to set up relationships between the minimal temperatures in certain vineries and the assorted other geographic and topological factors that cause fluctuation in temperature. They province that the usage of GIS allowed them to, â€Å" construct a map of the norm estimated minimal temperatures across the whole vinery country which can be used by vino agriculturists to place frost sensitive countries † ( p. 54 ) . This should decrease the opportunity of future hoar harm to this economically of import harvest. Another survey conducted by Menkir et Al ( 2000 ) used GIS spacial climatic informations of 114 sites in sub-Saharan Africa to see distinguishable zone where corn would turn best. They found that corn would react best in forest-transition savannas, Northern Guinea savannas, Sudan savannas and mid height parts. This information is potentially really utile for nutrient policy contrivers.2.2.2: EcologyChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that, â€Å" in much the same manner as possible harvest distribution can be modelled utilizing GIS based agroclimatic theoretical accounts, ecological diverseness can be modelled with regard to spacial clime datasets † ( p. 320 ) . There are several noteworthy illustrations of this. Rodhouse ( 2010 ) uses GIS informations to analyze how the altering ocean environment is impacting on cephalopod populations. Waluda and Rodhouse ( 2005 ) usage GIS informations to research the impact of angling on the population of the Jumbo winging calamari. This e ssay would propose that the usage of GIS in this sphere is likely to increase in approaching old ages as the argument around planetary heating and how it could be impacting on species becomes of all time more pressure.2.2.3: ForestryGIS can function multiple intents in forestry. Like in agribusiness and ecology, it can be used to place different clime zones or to foretell the output of a peculiar country. However, GIS has been put to some advanced usage in this field. For illustration, Hantzschel et Al ( 2005 ) usage GIS to gauge radiation balances, temperature and evapotranspiration degrees in different types of flora. One of their most interesting decisions, sing the subject of this essay, is that changeless betterments in engineering will take to better consequences in the hereafter and increase the importance of GIS in the hereafter. They province that, â€Å" the lasting betterment in declaration and quality of the digital surface informations allows an improved simulation of the existent land surface and the associated feedback between topography, land usage variableness and meteoric measures and will increase the importance of GIS-based theoretical account consequences in the close hereafter † ( p. 41 ) . Pew and Larsen ( 2001 ) used GIS to analyze the spacial and temporal form of wildfires caused by worlds on Vancouver Island. They argue that being able to accurately foretell where and when wildfires are most common is, â€Å" a first measure in cut downing their effects † ( p. 1 ) .2.2.4: Weather ForecastingChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that GIS has become, â€Å" a cardinal direction constituent in conditions processing systems leting instantaneous plotting, insertion and life of conditions informations across any isobaric degree of the ambiance † ( p. 322 ) . For illustration, Kumar et Al ( 1998 ) show that through the usage of distant detection signatures, GIS can be used to alarm specific locations of the way of a tropical cyclone. This is a potentially life salvaging application of GIS. Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that GIS, â€Å" partly automates prediction by easing velocity and throughput of conditions informations in real-time every bit good as supplying support for traditional conditions treating undertakings such as contouring and superposition † ( p. 320 ) .2.2.5: ConveyanceGIS is peculiarly utile for conveyance contrivers as it can be used to help in be aftering for winter route care. Thornes et Al ( 2005 ) used GIS to analyze a stretch of route in Poland to foretell route temperatures at certain times of twelvemonth. Better apprehension of route temperatures can assist transport contrivers know when to stock up on grit and when they should be directing out gritting trucks. The manner Britain land to a arrest in February 2010 should function as a timely reminder that this is still non an exact scientific discipline. Hopefully the betterments in GIS that Hantzschel et Al ( 2005 ) reference in their survey should take to more acurate anticipations in the hereafter.2.2.6: Climate ChangeIt could be argued that all the applications of GIS presented in this essay have some bearing on clime alteration. Chapman and Thorn es ( 2003 ) argue that GIS has become, â€Å" a visual image tool for the end product of clime theoretical accounts such as general circulation theoretical accounts used to foretell the planetary impacts of hypothesise clime alteration scenarios † ( p. 325 ) . It is likely that as engineering improves and smart systems are able to interact with each other in more productive and effectual ways, GIS will go on to play a critical function in supplying information that charts the impacts of planetary heating.Section 3: Concluding RemarksThe debut to this essay quoted the work of Gelernter ( 1992 ) who argued that the existent and the practical universe were traveling of all time closer together. This essay would reason that GIS represents the realisation of this vision in many ways. The usage of GIS in the field of weather forecasting are basically illimitable and will undoubtedly better as calculating treating power grows greater and telecommunications improve. A recent particul ar study in The Economist ( 2010 ) looked at the rise of smart systems. These systems are bring forthing immense sums of informations that we are merely merely understanding what to make with. The study notes that, â€Å" smart systems may be humankind ‘s best hope for covering with its pressing environmental jobs † ( p. 4 ) . Smart systems can be used to do power grids, transit webs and H2O distribution systems more efficient. GIS will play a cardinal function in assisting to use the informations produced by smart systems and guaranting that it is put to the best possible usage. This essay would reason that GIS will go on in the development that Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) referred to earlier in this essay. However, it is the belief of this essay that we are merely get downing to see the possible applications and utilizations of GIS in the field of weather forecasting. This essay has merely touched on a few countries where it is being utilized at the minute. As terminal users in the assorted subjects learn to tackle the power of the information that is at their disposal, GIS will go on to play a polar function in how we understand the universe. Thornes ( 2005 ) remarks that, â€Å" the hereafter for the usage of GIS by atmospheric scientists is bright but increased coaction between the GIS and atmospheric communities is limited by information substructures that do n't easy interoperate † ( p. three ) . This essay would reason that it is merely a affair of clip before differences between these information substructures are resolved and the true potenc y of GIS can be unleashed.

Explain ‘Natural Moral Law’ Essay

Natural Law can be traced back into the Ancient Greek and Roman worlds. In Sophocles’ play ‘Antigone’, Natural Law is very apparent throughout and the writings of the Greek Philosopher; Aristotle. In his works – ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ – he wrote; â€Å"The natural is that which is everywhere, is equally valid, and depends not upon being or not being received†¦that which is natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere.’ The Ancient Stoics emphasised the importance of Logos, or rationality, that governs the world and sees human nature as one natural order. They considered natural law as a law of ‘right reason’. In his letter to the Romans, St Paul wrote about a law that is ‘written in the hearts’ of Gentiles. It is therefore clear that throughout the ancient world, although there is differing terminology, there seems to have been a consensus over the existence of a natural moral law, which dictated the rightness or wrongness of an action that was not dependent upon the laws created by society. St. Thomas Aquinas developed a fuller account of this ‘natural law’ in the thirteenth century. This theory is both deontological and absolutist and so his resulting work is focused upon the ethicacy of actions. In his work ‘Summa Theologica’, Aquinas described natural law as a moral code, which exists within the purpose of nature and was created by God. He says that it is present in every human being. Natural Law exists to aid humans, directing their actions in such away that they might meet their eternal destiny. He argued that there was a basic law, from which all the other natural laws derived. This was to pursue good and avoid evil. For Aquinas, both the intention and the act are important, this is because his theory is based on a mainly deontological view. The only end that he values is God as He is intrinsically good. He believed that acts are intrinsically good or bad because when human beings act in accordance with their ultimate purpose, God is glorified. Aquinas followed the line of thought that human beings are intelligent and therefore should be able to direct him or herself, this therefore meaning that they can take responsibility for knowing and doing  what God intends for them. Whether or not an act leads towards God depends on whether it fits the purpose that humans were made for. For Thomas Aquinas, the main purpose of human life is to preserve the self and the innocent, to reproduce, worship God, acquire knowledge and live in ordered society.. He names these the primary precepts – acts that are in accordance with these precepts are good and those, which do not, are bad. He also names them the secondary precepts – which are rulings about things that we should or should not do because they uphold a primary precept. The theory of Natural Law as put forward by Aquinas, is based upon the religious view that God created the world, establishing in it a sense of order and purpose, which is a direct representation of His will. In the natural law approach to ethics, the action itself can either be natural or unnatural, and is judged on that basis. It does not depend for its moral law justification upon any results. Therefore, according to natural law, an action can be deemed good in itself, even if it brings about suffering. In conclusion, Natural Moral Law enables to establish rules in order to structure a community. It gives a concrete reason to be moral and a firm basis from which to refuse to step over moral boundaries. It provides justification and support for certain core ideas and it judges actions, irrespective of consequences. Natural Moral Law isn’t just simply a set of rules, but a way of living. It gives guidance on everyday questions on how to live and links them to the fundamental principles of life. It provides a complete system of moral living in step with what it is to be human.

Civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Civil engineering - Essay Example d maintenance of natural and physical built environment as roads, bridges, buildings, canals and dams A degree in civil engineering covers subjects in mathematics, physics, design, project management and specific topics in civil engineering. Civil engineers possess an academic degree with a major in civil engineering whose length of study varies from three to five years. After completion of the certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy the exam requirements and have work experience before being certified as a professional engineer. Certification means that the certified engineer may prepare, sign and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval while abiding by the code of ethics set by the certifying bodies. The field is concerned with rocks, soils, highways, sewers and underground water systems, foundations of buildings and bridges. The professional engineer studies technical information obtained from material testing, sciences of geology and hydraulics to design foundations and structures while ensuring safety and economy of the project. This discipline is concerned with the science of waste management, water purification, cleaning of contaminated areas, industrial ecology and reduction of pollution. Policy makers rely on technical data obtained through environmental engineering to make environmentally related decisions. It deals with the management of quality and quantity of underground water and above ground water resources, like rivers, lakes and streams. It involves analyzing geographical areas to forecast the quantity of water that is likely to flow into and out of a water source. It deals with the design of structures to ensure that they are economical, safe for the users and serve the desired function. Loads acting on the structures and the stresses created due to these loads are identified in order to design a structure that withstands these loads. The structures include bridges, tunnels, highways, steel

Analysis of Digital Mapping Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of Digital Mapping - Assignment Example This method of cylindrical projection was invented in order to overcome the shortcomings of the Mercator projection method. the Peters Gall method was developed by German historian Dr. Arno Peters and British clergyman James Gall in 1973. This method was developed particularly in order to rectify the errors in area representation of countries. this method makes use of the equal-area map concept which shows areas more precisely. as compared to the Mercator projection, the area between the latitudes lines near the poles does not increase in the Peter gall projection method. this assists in decreasing the area distortion of the Mercator projection method. this projection method developed by Peter and gall received many recommendations from various organizations involved in the development of third world countries as it helped them inefficient resource allocation based on areas. however, in spite of its improvements as compared to the Mercator projection method, peter gall method also ha s significant drawbacks. the projection is unable to accurately show the shape of continents and the shapes of continents are distorted as longer or thinner in the peter gall projections. also, the peter gall projection method suffered from extreme distortions in the pole regions which was normal for any cylindrical projection method. as a result of these shortcomings, the method was not used widely in maps.   in equal in size to  Brazil, which  is 5 times larger than Alaska.      Peters Gall Projection This method of cylindrical projection was invented in order to overcome the shortcomings of the Mercator projection method. the Peters Gall method was developed by German historian Dr. Arno Peters and British clergyman James Gall in 1973. This method was developed particularly in order to rectify the errors in area representation of countries. this method makes use of the equal-area map concept which shows areas more precisely. as compared to the Mercator projection, the area between the latitudes lines near the poles does not increase in the Peter gall projection method.   this assists in decreasing the area distortion of the  Mercator  projection method. this projection method developed by Peter and gall received many recommendations from various  organizations  involved in the development of  third  world  countries as it helped them inefficient  resource alloca tion based on areas.  however,  in spite  of its improvements as compared to the  Mercator  projection method, peter gall method also has  significant  drawbacks.  Ã‚  

Database and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database and Terrorism - Essay Example On the other hand, there are information, especially those related to terrorism as well as in national security itself that are permitted to be shared with the public. This is what this paper will explore. The right to know or access information from the government, including those that concern national security, is guaranteed by the US Constitution. Judicial jurisprudence in this regard has consistently upheld that the right to acquire information is an essential component of the First Amendment. In this regard, there are indeed information that the public has the right to know and must know. For instance, in the event of terrorism, the public must know how to respond and, hence, must acquire information in regard to the nature of attacks and ways how to mitigate it. According to Wessely and Krasnov (2005), authorities should seek partnership with the public, provide measure facts for them to make independent choices rather than providing information that is believed what they should hear. (p. 218) Another area wherein access to information is vital concerns the scientific community. There is a growing belief among policymakers that suppressing the transfer of knowledge and technology is vital to the security of the United States. Such belief is not unfounded. Between 1998 and 2000, the US faced three national security crises involving the potential loss of scientific and technical information when China stole advanced military technology from the Department of Energy’s premier national security laboratories. (Esano and Uhir 2003, p. 107) Restricting access to scientific data and technology, on the other hand, could prove detrimental to the growth of the research and development in the United States because such restrictions could diminish the amount of scientific and technical data available in public domain and obstruct scientific inquiry. What must be done is a close collaboration between the security agencies and the scientific